Common Sense by Thomas Paine
Introduction
- Introduces the pamphlet as a plea for American independence.
- Argues that long-standing customs can obscure injustices, making them appear acceptable.
- Emphasizes that the cause of American independence is a universal fight for liberty.
- Asserts that time, not reason, often leads to revolutionary change.
Of the Origin and Design of Government in General
- Distinguishes between society and government:
- Society arises from human cooperation and promotes happiness.
- Government originates from human wickedness and exists to restrain vices.
- Government, even at its best, is a necessary evil; at its worst, it becomes intolerable.
- Argues that security and liberty are the primary goals of government.
- Criticizes the English government for its complexity and inefficiency.
Of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession
- Rejects monarchy as unnatural and contrary to the equal rights of mankind.
- Traces the origins of monarchy to the oppressive customs of ancient heathens.
- Uses biblical references to argue against monarchy:
- Cites Gideon’s rejection of kingship in favor of God’s rule.
- Highlights the Israelites’ sinful request for a king, which led to divine disapproval.
- Critiques hereditary succession as irrational and unjust:
- Warns that it allows unfit and wicked rulers to ascend to power.
- Explains that hereditary succession is a construct of convenience, not merit.
- Describes monarchy as inherently prone to corruption, oppression, and civil unrest.
Thoughts on the Present State of American Affairs
- Argues that the colonies must break away from Britain to achieve true liberty.
- Criticizes the idea of reconciliation with Britain:
- Describes reconciliation as impractical and a betrayal of future generations.
- Points out Britain’s economic exploitation and indifference to colonial well-being.
- Warns of the dangers of continued dependence on Britain:
- Notes the likelihood of being dragged into European wars.
- Highlights the harm caused by British control over American trade and governance.
- Calls for immediate action to establish independence and prevent future oppression.
Of the Present Ability of America
- Asserts that America has the resources and population to sustain independence.
- Highlights the economic advantages of free trade with all nations.
- Proposes the establishment of a continental government:
- Suggests an equal representation system for all colonies.
- Outlines a rotating presidency and annual assemblies.
- Recommends drafting a "Continental Charter" to ensure freedom and equality.
- Argues that independence will bring peace, unity, and protection from civil wars.
Final Reflections
- Condemns the atrocities committed by Britain, including:
- Economic exploitation and destruction of American towns.
- Encouragement of violence by Native Americans and enslaved people.
- Declares reconciliation impossible and independence as the only solution.
- Urges Americans to create a government based on natural rights and the rule of law.
- Concludes with a call to action for independence, framing it as a moral and practical necessity for future generations.
Key Concepts from Common Sense by Thomas Paine
1. Distinction Between Society and Government
- Society promotes happiness through cooperation.
- Government arises from human vices and exists to restrain them.
- Government, even at its best, is a "necessary evil."
2. Criticism of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession
- Monarchy is unnatural and unjust, originating from oppression.
- Hereditary succession allows unfit rulers to gain power.
- Biblical references oppose kingship as contrary to God’s will.
3. Failures of the English Constitution
- The English system combines monarchical, aristocratic, and republican elements.
- This complexity creates inefficiency and fosters tyranny.
- The monarchy holds undue power over laws and governance.
4. The Need for American Independence
- Reconciliation with Britain is harmful and impractical.
- Dependence on Britain leads to economic exploitation and involvement in European wars.
- Independence ensures self-governance, trade freedom, and neutrality.
5. The Case for Republican Government
- A simple and equal government structure is the best safeguard for liberty.
- Suggests a continental government with equal representation.
- Proposes a "Continental Charter" to enshrine rights and freedoms.
6. Economic and Political Viability of Independence
- America has the resources, population, and trade potential to thrive independently.
- Free trade with all nations ensures prosperity.
- Independence protects against civil unrest and internal divisions.
7. Moral and Practical Imperative
- Britain’s actions—economic exploitation and violent oppression—demand a break.
- Independence is framed as a duty to future generations.
- Unity and collective action are essential for achieving liberty.
8. The Vision for America
- America is seen as a sanctuary for freedom and an example for the world.
- Proposes the rule of law as supreme, replacing monarchy with democratic governance.
- Emphasizes the opportunity to create a just and lasting government.