Life and Legacy of John Milton (1608–1674)
Samuel Johnson and His Contributions
Overview
- Notable Achievements: Samuel Johnson, a leading literary figure of the 18th century, was a poet, novelist, translator, lexicographer, editor, biographer, and critic.
- Famous Work: His most renowned contribution is A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), a groundbreaking two-volume work that defined words, traced their origins, and included examples from notable writers, alongside a history of English and a grammar guide.
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Lives of the Poets (1781)
- Purpose: Published as an introduction to a collection of works by fifty poets, all deceased and active between the 1660s and 1770s.
- Content Structure: Each entry includes:
- A biography based on secondary sources.
- A brief characterization of the poet.
- A critical assessment of their work.
- Scope: Initially planned as a slim volume, the project expanded to 66 volumes: ten of Johnson’s essays and 56 of the poets’ works.
- Significance: This collection is regarded as the cornerstone of Johnson’s critical legacy.
Legacy
- Influence: Johnson’s work in literary criticism and lexicography shaped English literature and established him as a central figure in 18th-century intellectual life.
- Enduring Impact: Lives of the Poets remains a foundational text in literary studies, showcasing Johnson’s analytical depth and literary insights.
From "Lives of the Poets" by Samuel Johnson
- Introduction: Samuel Johnson’s essay on Milton, featured in Lives of the Poets, is a pivotal work in the history of literary criticism. It offers a meticulous examination of Milton's life, achievements, and literary philosophy. Johnson blends admiration for Milton’s poetic genius with critical scrutiny of his artistic and personal flaws.
- Historical Context: Written during the Age of Enlightenment, Johnson’s critique reflects the era’s emphasis on reason and analytical rigor. His essay examines Milton's work through both an aesthetic and moral lens, setting a precedent for modern literary criticism.
- Significance in Literary Criticism:
- Evaluation of Genius: Johnson commends Milton's intellectual brilliance and poetic grandeur, particularly in Paradise Lost. He views Milton as a poet of unmatched ambition who sought to "vindicate the ways of God to man."
- Criticism of Detachment: Johnson critiques Milton's tendency to prioritize lofty themes over relatable human emotions, arguing that this sometimes alienates readers.
- Assessment of Style: Johnson provides a detailed analysis of Milton's use of blank verse, allegory, and mythological allusions. He praises Milton's ability to evoke sublimity while acknowledging instances of excessive complexity and abstraction.
- Contributions to Theory: Johnson’s work emphasizes the balance between imaginative creativity and moral instruction, a principle that has influenced subsequent generations of literary theorists.
Early Life and Personal Habits
- Birth and Family: John Milton was born in 1608 in London to a cultured and prosperous family. His father was a scrivener and composer who nurtured Milton's early love for music and literature.
- Appearance and Youth: Known for his striking beauty, Milton was nicknamed "Lady of his college." His long, light brown hair and elegant demeanor were often remarked upon by his contemporaries.
- Physical Attributes: Milton was of average height, vigorous, and skilled in swordsmanship. His preference for the backsword showcased his athletic prowess.
- Daily Routine:
- As a young man, Milton studied late into the night but later adopted an early schedule, rising between 4-5 AM.
- His days included a mix of intellectual pursuits, physical exercise, music, and social visits.
- Dietary Practices: Milton maintained a simple diet, avoiding indulgence in rich foods or strong drinks. This reflected his disciplined and ascetic approach to life.
Education and Literary Proficiency
- Academic Journey: Milton attended St. Paul's School in London and later Christ's College, Cambridge, where he excelled in classical studies. His erudition earned him the nickname "The Lady of Christ's College" due to his refined appearance and intellectual demeanor.
- Multilingual Mastery: Milton was fluent in several languages, including Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, French, and Spanish. This linguistic prowess enriched his literary work and broadened his intellectual horizons.
- Early Works: During his university years, Milton composed several notable poems, such as On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, which showcased his theological interests and lyrical skill.
- Musical Talent: A skilled organist and composer, Milton's love for music influenced the rhythm and harmony of his poetry.
Theological and Political Philosophy
- Religious Views: Milton’s theological outlook evolved over time. Initially a Calvinist, he later leaned towards Arminianism. Despite his deep faith, Milton distanced himself from organized religion, focusing on scripture as the cornerstone of his belief system.
- Political Stance: A staunch republican, Milton championed liberty and governance by the people. He opposed monarchy and prelacy, seeing them as antithetical to individual freedom and equality.
- Criticism of Authority: Milton’s disdain for authority figures, both in the church and state, permeates his writings, reflecting his commitment to liberty and justice.
Major Works
Paradise Lost
- Overview: Milton’s epic poem, Paradise Lost, is a monumental exploration of the Fall of Man, free will, and redemption. It is widely regarded as one of the greatest works in English literature.
- Structure: Comprising twelve books and written in blank verse, the poem weaves together theological narrative, dramatic conflict, and poetic grandeur.
- Themes:
- Rebellion: The story begins with Satan's defiance of God, exploring themes of ambition and hubris.
- Temptation and Sin: The seduction of Eve by Satan highlights the vulnerability of humanity.
- Redemption: The poem ends with a message of hope, emphasizing divine mercy and human resilience.
Lycidas
- Genre: A pastoral elegy written to commemorate the death of Milton's friend, Edward King.
- Significance: The poem intertwines personal grief with meditations on mortality, faith, and poetic legacy. It has been both praised for its lyrical beauty and critiqued for blending sacred themes with classical mythology.
L'Allegro and Il Penseroso
- Contrasting Moods: These companion poems celebrate the contrasting temperaments of joy and melancholy, presenting vivid scenes of rural and urban life.
- Philosophical Reflection: Milton explores how mood and perspective shape human experience and creativity.
Impact of Samuel Johnson’s Critique
- Comprehensive Analysis: Johnson’s detailed examination of Milton's life and works provided a framework for future critical analysis. His balanced approach combined admiration with constructive criticism.
- Legacy in Theory: Johnson’s insights laid the groundwork for modern literary theory, emphasizing the relationship between poetic imagination, moral purpose, and aesthetic execution.
- Influence on Readers: By critically engaging with Milton’s strengths and weaknesses, Johnson helped subsequent generations appreciate the complexities of Milton's genius.
Milton’s Legacy
- Enduring Influence: Milton’s works have shaped English literature, theology, and political thought. His ability to synthesize diverse intellectual traditions into cohesive and inspiring narratives remains unparalleled.
- Philosophical Depth: Milton’s exploration of free will, divine justice, and human agency continues to resonate in contemporary discussions on ethics and theology.
- Cultural Relevance: From literature and music to political discourse, Milton’s legacy endures, inspiring creators and thinkers across disciplines.
