One of the greatest poets of the Middle Ages, William Langland, holds an essential place in English literature with his poem, A Vision of Piers the Plowman. This classic work, despite its archaic style, is a satire on corrupt religious practices and highlights the ethical issues of the time. Langland, in the character of a prophet, denounces societal sins and encourages higher aspirations among men. His writing reflects the dissatisfaction of the lower and more reflective classes of English society, much like Chaucer represents the contentment of the aristocracy and the prosperous middle class.
Key Aspects of Langland's Work:
- Satirical and Allegorical: Langland's poem is satirical, with a strong emphasis on political and social issues. His ideal was the feudal system, desiring no change but urging societal orders to fulfill their duties. Like Dante and Bunyan, he used allegory to enhance his satire.
- Alliterative Poetry: William Langland's Piers Plowman is a quintessential example of Middle English alliterative poetry, a part of the alliterative revival originating in the northwest of England.
- Uncertain Origins: Langland's birth is estimated between 1325 and 1330, with his death around 1400. There is some uncertainty regarding the authorship of the three versions (A, B, and C) of Piers Plowman, but single authorship is now widely accepted.
Authorship Evidence:
| Evidence | Description |
|---|---|
| Textual Reference | The first-person narrator’s remark “I have lyved in londe, ... my name is Longe Wille” suggests the name William Langland. |
| Manuscript Note | A Latin memorandum in a C-text manuscript mentions William Langland and places his father in Oxfordshire. |
| Scholarly Speculation | Some scholars suspect William Langland and a priest named William Rokele might be the same person, as Rokele was Langland's family name. |
Background and Setting:
Little is known about William Langland beyond his work. He was likely a cleric, possibly married, and had higher education and legal background. The settings in Piers Plowman reflect Langland's connection to both the western Midlands and London, showcasing his broad vision of English society from the King's court to the poor.
Composition and Versions:
- A-text: The earliest version, around 2,400 lines, completed by 1370.
- B-text: An extensive reworking of the A-text, expanding to 3,200 lines and adding over 4,000 lines of new material, completed in the 1370s.
- C-text: The final recension, reflecting continuous revision over nearly 30 years.
Significance:
William Langland's work remains a significant piece of Middle English literature, offering insights into medieval theology and Christian doctrine. His literary skill and ability to translate complex ideas into accessible language continue to be appreciated by modern readers.