Tamas, written by Bhisham Sahni, uses various symbols to deepen the reader’s understanding of the themes and messages in the novel. Symbolism in this book is crucial for highlighting the effects of communal violence, identity crisis, and political manipulation during the Partition of India.
Symbolic Elements in the Novel
1. The Pig
The pig in Tamas is a powerful symbol with multiple layers of meaning:
- Religious Tensions: The pig's slaughter and its placement at the mosque’s steps symbolize the deliberate provocation of religious tensions. It represents how religious symbols can be manipulated to incite violence between communities.
- Political Manipulation: The incident with the pig is orchestrated by local politicians to stir up conflict. It shows how political figures exploit religious sentiments to further their agendas.
- Loss of Innocence: The pig, an innocent creature, represents the innocent people who become victims of political machinations and communal violence.
2. The Lamp at the Saint’s Grave
The lamp that is not lit at the saint’s grave during the riots carries significant symbolic weight:
- Neglect of Spirituality: The unlit lamp symbolizes the abandonment of spiritual values and communal harmony during times of conflict. It reflects how religious practices and symbols are disregarded in the chaos of violence.
- Disintegration of Social Order: The neglect of the lamp represents the breakdown of social and communal order. It highlights how normal practices and traditions are overshadowed by communal hatred and violence.
3. The Well
The scene where Sikh women and children jump into a well is deeply symbolic:
- Desperation and Tragedy: The well symbolizes the desperation and tragic outcomes of communal violence. It reflects the extreme measures people take to escape violence and protect their dignity.
- Collective Despair: The act of jumping into the well together represents collective despair and the extent to which violence can force individuals to act out of fear and hopelessness.
4. Richard’s Dual Nature
Richard, the British officer, embodies dual symbolism:
- Curiosity vs. Indifference: Richard’s interest in Indian culture and his collection of artifacts symbolize colonial curiosity. However, his indifference to the violence happening around him represents the British administration’s disregard for the suffering of the Indian people.
- Contradiction of Authority: Richard’s character reflects the contradictions in colonial authority—on one hand, there is an interest in understanding and preserving the culture, while on the other hand, there is a failure to address or prevent the atrocities being committed.
5. The Recurring Imagery of Kites and Vultures
The imagery of kites and vultures in the novel adds a layer of symbolic meaning:
- Predatory Nature of Conflict: Kites and vultures symbolize the predatory nature of the violence and chaos. They represent how conflict feeds on human suffering and the scavenging of societal destruction.
- Persistent Tensions: The hovering of kites and vultures symbolizes the lingering nature of communal tensions. Even after the immediate violence subsides, the underlying issues continue to loom over the society.
Conclusion
In Tamas, Bhisham Sahni employs various symbols to enhance the novel's themes and provide a deeper understanding of the impact of Partition. The symbols of the pig, the lamp, the well, Richard’s duality, and the kites and vultures all contribute to the novel’s portrayal of communal conflict, political manipulation, and the human cost of violence.