Oliver Goldsmith's essay, "The Man in Black," from *The Citizen of the World*, explores various significant themes, reflecting societal issues of his time through the characterization of the titular figure. Below are the major themes found in the essay
1. Societal Critique
Goldsmith's essay presents a critical view of the societal and economic conditions of his era. The narrative highlights the widespread poverty and moral decay affecting the society. Through the character of the Man in Black, Goldsmith criticizes the systemic failures that leave many in destitution, and he indirectly calls for societal reform. His critique is aimed at both the inadequacies of the government's support for the poor and the general public's indifference to their plight.
2. Paradox and Hypocrisy
A central theme in the essay is the paradoxical nature of the Man in Black. He embodies contradictions, presenting himself as a miserly and harsh figure outwardly, while internally, he possesses deep compassion and generosity. This duality serves to highlight the hypocrisy prevalent in society, where outward appearances often mask true intentions and feelings. The Man in Black's actions reveal the complex interplay between public persona and private virtue.
3. Human Nature and Compassion
The essay delves into the complexities of human nature, focusing on the inherent compassion that lies beneath the surface of even the most seemingly indifferent individuals. The Man in Black's secret acts of kindness, despite his vocal disapproval of helping beggars, underscore the idea that empathy and humanity are deeply ingrained, even if they are not always outwardly expressed. Goldsmith suggests that genuine compassion can coexist with a harsh exterior.
4. Moral Responsibility and Charity
Goldsmith addresses the moral responsibility individuals have toward their fellow human beings. The Man in Black's internal struggle and eventual acts of charity reflect the tension between societal expectations and personal morals. Goldsmith advocates for a more empathetic and compassionate approach to dealing with the poor, critiquing the tendency to ignore or vilify those in need.
5. Critique of Social Systems
The essay also critiques the social systems and institutions in place at the time. The Man in Black's belief that the government provides sufficient support for the poor is contrasted with the reality of the beggars' plight, suggesting that these systems are inadequate. Goldsmith points out the flaws in the social welfare system and the need for more direct, personal acts of kindness and charity.
6. Irony and Satire
Goldsmith employs irony and satire throughout the essay to emphasize his points. The Man in Black's contradictory behavior and the absurdity of his justifications for not helping the poor serve to mock the societal norms and attitudes of the time. This use of literary techniques adds depth to the essay, making it both a humorous and poignant critique of society.
Conclusion
"The Man in Black" remains a relevant and insightful commentary on societal issues, human nature, and moral responsibility. Goldsmith's use of the Man in Black character to explore these themes allows readers to reflect on their own attitudes and behaviors toward the less fortunate. The essay encourages a more empathetic and compassionate approach to life, challenging the reader to look beyond outward appearances and consider the true nature of humanity.
