Addition
- i.e. (Latin: id est) - that is
Example: "She had to make a decision quickly, i.e., before the store closed." - e.g. (Latin: exempli gratia) - for example
Example: "Many citrus fruits are high in vitamin C, e.g., oranges, lemons, and limes." - et cetera (Latin) - and other similar things
Example: "Please bring your notebooks, pens, pencils, et cetera." - en masse (French) - in a group
Example: "The fans arrived en masse for the concert." - au contraire (French) - on the contrary
Example: "He didn’t mind the delay; au contraire, he enjoyed the extra time." - apropos (French) - regarding
Example: "Apropos of our earlier conversation, here is the report you requested." - et al. (Latin: et alii) - and others
Example: "The study by Smith et al. was groundbreaking in its findings." - de facto (Latin) - in fact
Example: "He is the de facto leader of the group." - inter alia (Latin) - among other things
Example: "The report discussed, inter alia, the economic impact of the policy." - passim (Latin) - throughout
Example: "The theme of love appears passim in his writings." - per se (Latin) - by itself
Example: "The book, per se, isn't bad; it's just not what I expected."
Comparison
- cf. (Latin: confer) - compare
Example: "For more information, cf. the chapter on medieval history." - vis-à-vis (French) - in relation to
Example: "They had a meeting vis-à-vis the new policy changes." - analogous to (Greek: analogos) - similar to
Example: "The process is analogous to baking a cake." - pari passu (Latin) - at an equal pace
Example: "The two companies grew pari passu." - mutatis mutandis (Latin) - with necessary changes
Example: "The agreement applies, mutatis mutandis, to both parties." - analogamente (Italian) - similarly
Example: "Analogamente, the same rules apply in this case." - como (Spanish) - as
Example: "He is as tall como his brother."
Condition
- si (French) - if
Example: "We will go to the park si it doesn't rain." - quod si (Latin) - if it should happen
Example: "Quod si he arrives early, we can start the meeting sooner." - sub conditione (Latin) - under the condition
Example: "He accepted the job sub conditione he would receive a raise." - à condition que (French) - provided that
Example: "You can go out à condition que you finish your homework." - tanquam (Latin) - as if
Example: "He behaves tanquam he owns the place." - conditio sine qua non (Latin) - indispensable condition
Example: "Trust is a conditio sine qua non for a successful relationship."
Concession
- nonetheless (Latin) - nevertheless
Example: "The weather was bad; nonetheless, they decided to go camping." - albeit (Latin) - although
Example: "The journey was difficult, albeit rewarding." - certes (French) - certainly
Example: "Certes, it was a challenging task, but it was worth it." - verum (Latin) - however
Example: "He promised to help, verum he didn't show up." - sin embargo (Spanish) - nevertheless
Example: "He was injured, sin embargo, he finished the race." - nempe (Latin) - certainly
Example: "Nempe, you will face challenges in this journey."
Contrast
- au contraire (French) - on the contrary
Example: "He didn’t mind the delay; au contraire, he enjoyed the extra time." - malgré (French) - despite
Example: "Malgré the challenges, they succeeded." - conversely (Latin) - in contrast
Example: "He likes tea; conversely, she prefers coffee." - despite (Latin) - in spite of
Example: "Despite the rain, they went for a walk." - instead (Latin) - on the contrary
Example: "He expected praise; instead, he received criticism." - whereas (Old English) - while on the other hand
Example: "He enjoys rock climbing, whereas she prefers hiking."
Emphasis
- indeed (Old French) - in fact
Example: "He was indeed the best candidate for the job." - quidem (Latin) - indeed
Example: "The decision was difficult, quidem, but necessary." - sic (Latin) - thus
Example: "The plan was executed sic, and the results were as expected." - realmente (Spanish) - really
Example: "Realmente, he did an outstanding job." - hinc (Latin) - from here
Example: "Hinc, we can conclude that the theory is valid." - notably (Latin) - especially
Example: "Notably, she was absent during the critical discussions."
Illustration
- exempli gratia (Latin) - for example
Example: "There are many sports, exempli gratia, football, basketball, and tennis." - par exemple (French) - for example
Example: "Many fruits are rich in vitamins, par exemple, oranges and apples." - por ejemplo (Spanish) - for example
Example: "There are many countries, por ejemplo, Spain, Italy, and France."