A typical menstrual cycle is around 28 days long, but variations are common, with some individuals having 27 or 32-day cycles. This lecture explores the intricacies of the menstrual cycle, reproductive health exams, and menstrual products.
The Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle is a complex process involving hormonal changes and reproductive events. It is divided into several phases:
- Menstruation (Days 1-7): The first day of menstruation marks the start of the cycle. The endometrial lining of the uterus, which thickened in preparation for a possible pregnancy, is shed if no fertilization occurs. This results in bleeding from the vaginal opening, lasting anywhere from three to seven days.
- Follicular Phase (Days 1-14): During this phase, the pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), stimulating the ovaries to produce follicles. One follicle matures and releases an egg during ovulation.
- Ovulation (Day 14): An egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. This phase is crucial for conception.
- Luteal Phase (Days 15-28): After ovulation, the corpus luteum forms from the empty follicle and secretes progesterone, which thickens the endometrial lining. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum disintegrates, leading to a drop in hormone levels and the onset of menstruation.
Hormonal Fluctuations and Their Effects
It's important to note that all people have fluctuating hormones. For people who menstruate, hormone levels dip and spike right before their period, causing physical and emotional changes, such as:
- Headaches
- Breast tenderness
- Mood swings
People may also stop having their period due to certain hormonal birth control methods or changes in their body fat percentage.
Signs of Pregnancy
If you unexpectedly stop getting your period and are sexually active, it’s important to take a pregnancy test. Knowing you’re pregnant as soon as possible is crucial for accessing the care you need, whether it is prenatal care if you continue the pregnancy or an abortion if you choose to end the pregnancy.
Menstrual Products
During a person’s period, they will experience cramping in the lower stomach area and bleeding from the vagina as the body releases the endometrial layer. The amount of cramping and bleeding varies from person to person. If a person is concerned about their level of flow and cramping, there are medications they can take to help manage the pain, or they can see their medical provider to discuss hormonal options that will help lessen the flow and cramping.
There are several options for menstrual products a person can use:
- Pads: Pads are absorbent items that a person places in their underwear. The pad will collect the blood flow and should be changed every 3-4 hours. There are different levels of thickness of pads to accommodate the menstrual flow, some are very thin, and some are thick.
- Tampons: Tampons are made of cotton and are inserted into the vagina. Tampons have a string that is kept on the outside of the body to help with removal. They should also be changed every 3-4 hours.
- Menstrual Cups: Menstrual cups are flexible cups designed for use inside the vagina during a period to collect blood. The cup does not absorb menstrual flow like tampons or pads. Most cups come in small or large sizes, are made of silicone or rubber, and are inserted into the vagina. The cup can be kept inside the vagina for up to 12 hours but may need to be changed more frequently depending on the flow. When the cup is removed, the collected fluid can be disposed of in the toilet. The cup should then be cleaned with warm water and mild, fragrance-free soap.
- Period Underwear: Period underwear are absorbent underpants that have multiple layers of microfiber polyester. They look like regular underwear but are designed to keep moisture away from the skin as they soak up menstrual blood.
Reproductive Health Exams
Maintaining reproductive health is essential for people with vulvas and penises. Regular exams and screenings can help detect potential issues early and ensure overall health.
For People with Vulvas
People with vulvas should have reproductive health exams, including screening for HPV, beginning at the age of 21 and then every 1-3 years, depending on their doctor’s recommendation. These exams typically include:
- Pelvic Exam: This exam checks for any irregularities around the uterus and ovaries.
- Pap Exam: A collection of cells on the cervix to screen for cervical cancer.
- Manual Chest Exam: Screening for any lumps in the chest tissue.
For People with Penises
People with penises should monitor their reproductive health and seek medical advice if they notice any changes in their penis or testicles, such as lumps, pain, or discharge. Early detection and treatment are crucial for maintaining reproductive health.
Conclusion
Understanding the menstrual cycle, recognizing the effects of hormonal fluctuations, knowing the options for menstrual products, and maintaining regular reproductive health exams are vital for overall well-being. If you have any concerns or notice any unusual changes in your body, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.